Übersicht – Therapie des CUP-Syndroms

Unter dem Begriff CUP-Syndrom (= cancer of unknown primary; Krebserkrankung mit unbekanntem Primärtumor) wird ein heterogenes Krankheitsbild zusammengefasst. Definiert ist das CUP Syndrom als ein histologisch oder zytologisch gesichertes Malignom mit unbekanntem Primärtumor nach Abschluss der primären Diagnostik.

• Literatur

• 1 Hübner G, Link H, Kohne CH et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin vs gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with adeno- or undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary: a randomised prospective phase II trial. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 44-49
• 2 Culine S, Lortholary A, Voigt JJ et al. Cisplatin in combination with either gemcitabine or irinotecan in carcinomas of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study-trial for the French Study Group on Carcinomas of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01). J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3479-3482
• 3 Greco FA, Burris III HA, Litchy S et al. Gemcitabine, Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a minnie pearl cancer research network study. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1651-1656
• 4 Hess KR, Abbruzzese MC, Lenzi R et al. Classification and regression tree analysis of 1000 consecutive patients with unknown primary carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 3403-3410
• 5 Greco FA, Spigel DR, Yardley DA et al. Molecular profiling in unknown primary cancer: accuracy of tissue of origin prediction. Oncologist 2010; 15: 500-506
• 6 Kyritsis AP, Markoula S, Levin VA. A systematic approach to the management of patients with brain metastases of known or unknown primary site. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 69: 1-13
• 7 Balaker AE, Abemayor E, Elashoff D et al. Cancer of unknown primary: Does treatment modality make a difference?. Laryngoscope 2012; 122: 1279-1282
• 8 Head and Neck Cancer; Version 2. 2014;. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site NCCN Guidelines 2014; OCC-1-OCC-4.
• 9 Boscolo-Rizzo P, Gava A, Da Mosto MC. Carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an occult primary tumor: the outcome after combined-modality therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1575-1582
• 10 Chen AM, Farwell DG, Lau DH et al. Radiation therapy in the management of head-and-neck cancer of unknown primary origin: how does the addition of concurrent chemotherapy affect the therapeutic ratio?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81: 346-352
• 11 Pentheroudakis G, Lazaridis G, Pavlidis N. Axillary nodal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUPAx): a systematic review of published evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 119: 1-11
• 12 Pentheroudakis G, Pavlidis N. Serous papillary peritoneal carcinoma: unknown primary tumour, ovarian cancer counterpart or a distinct entity? A systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 75: 27-42
• 13 Fizazi K, Greco FA, Pavlidis N et al. Cancers of unknown primary site: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2011; 22 (Suppl. 06) vi64-vi68
• 14 Stoyianni A, Pentheroudakis G, Pavlidis N. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary: a systematic review of the literature and a comparative study with other neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37: 358-365
• 15 Neuroendocrine Tumors; Version 2. 2014;. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site NCCN Guidelines 2014; NUP-1.
• 16 Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95: 157-176
• 17 Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, Greco FA. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary site. Semin Oncol 2009; 36: 52-59
• 18 Greco FA, Lennington WJ, Spigel DR et al. Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: Outcomes in Patients with a Colorectal Molecular Profile Treated with Site Specific Chemotherapy. J Cancer Therapy 2012; 3: 37-43
• 19 Woods RL, Fox RM, Tattersall MH et al. Metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primary site: a randomized study of two combination-chemotherapy regimens. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 87-89
• 20 Falkson CI, Cohen GL. Mitomycin C, epirubicin and cisplatin versus mitomycin C alone as therapy for carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Oncology 1998; 55: 116-121
• 21 Dowell JE, Garrett AM, Shyr Y et al. A randomized Phase II trial in patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Cancer 2001; 91: 592-597
• 22 Assersohn L, Norman AR, Cunningham D et al. A randomised study of protracted venous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with or without bolus mitomycin C (MMC) in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 1121-1128
• 23 Palmeri S, Lorusso V, Palmeri L et al. Cisplatin and gemcitabine with either vinorelbine or paclitaxel in the treatment of carcinomas of unknown primary site : results of an Italian multicenter, randomized, phase II study. Cancer 2006; 107: 2898-2905
• 24 Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Clark BL et al. Paclitaxel / carboplatin / etoposide versus gemcitabine / irinotecan in the first-line treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a randomized, phase III Sarah Cannon Oncology Research Consortium Trial. Cancer J 2010; 16: 70-75
• 25 Gross-Goupil M, Fourcade A, Blot E et al. Cisplatin alone or combined with gemcitabine in carcinomas of unknown primary: results of the randomised GEFCAPI 02 trial. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 721-727
• 26 Hainsworth JD, Fizazi K, Daugaard G et al. Paclitaxel / Carboplatin with or without Belinostat as Empiric First-Line Treatment for Patients with Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: A Randomized, Phase II Trial. Submitted 2014
• 27 Holtan SG, Steen PD, Foster NR et al. Gemcitabine and irinotecan as first-line therapy for carcinoma of unknown primary: results of a multicenter phase II trial. PLoS One 2012; 7: e39285
• 28 Briasoulis E, Fountzilas G, Bamias A et al. Multicenter phase-II trial of irinotecan plus oxaliplatin [IROX regimen] in patients with poor-prognosis cancer of unknown primary: a hellenic cooperative oncology group study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62: 277-284
• 29 Moller AK, Pedersen KD, Abildgaard J et al. Capecitabine and oxaliplatin as second-line treatment in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Acta Oncol 2010; 49: 431-435
• 30 Schuette K, Folprecht G, Kretzschmar A et al. Phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with adeno- and undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary. Onkologie 2009; 32: 162-166
• 31 Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Farley C et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab and erlotinib in carcinomas of unknown primary site: the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1747-1752
• 32 Hainsworth JD, Burris III HA, Calvert SW et al. Gemcitabine in the second-line therapy of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. Cancer Invest 2001; 19: 335-339
• 33 Ono M, Ando M, Yonemori K et al. Second-line chemotherapy in patients with primary unknown cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137: 1185-1191
• 34 Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Burris III HA et al. Oxaliplatin and capecitabine in the treatment of patients with recurrent or refractory carcinoma of unknown primary site: a phase 2 trial of the Sarah Cannon Oncology Research Consortium. Cancer 2010; 116: 2448-2454
• 35 Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Thompson DS et al. Paclitaxel / carboplatin plus bevacizumab / erlotinib in the first-line treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Oncologist 2009; 14: 1189-1197
• 36 Hainsworth JD, Rubin MS, Spigel DR et al. Molecular Gene Expression Profiling to Predict the Tissue of Origin and Direct Site-Specific Therapy in Patients With Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: A Prospective Trial of the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 217-223
• 37 Clements A, Euscher E, Lacour R et al. The presence of human papillomavirus or p16 in six cases of retroperitoneal carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 1042-1046
• 38 Compton AM, Moore-Medlin T, Herman-Ferdinandez L et al. Human papillomavirus in metastatic lymph nodes from unknown primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145: 51-57
• 39 Gatalica Z, Millis S, Bender R et al. Molecular profiling of cancers of unknown primary site (CUP): Paradigm shift in management of CUP. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49 Suppl 3: a39